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Fawley Refinery
Fawley Refinery is an oil refinery located at Fawley, Hampshire, England. The refinery is owned by Esso, which acquired the site in 1925. Situated on Southampton Water, it was rebuilt and extended in 1951 and is now the largest oil refinery in the United Kingdom, and one of the most complex refineries in Europe. With a capacity of 270,000 barrels a day, Fawley provides 20 percent of UK refinery capacity.〔 An estimated 2,300 people are employed at the site.
==History==
The refinery was established in 1921 by the ''Atlantic, Gulf and West Indies Oil Company'' on 270 hectares of land.〔Kenneth Hudson, (1984), ''Industrial History from the Air'', pages 56-7. CUP〕 The site was chosen because a large amount of land was available for development, as the area was not heavily populated, and because of the position on Southampton Water.〔(Fawley Refinery and Petrochemical Plant, Hampshire, United Kingdom ), chemicals-technology.com, retrieved 17 January 2013〕 This provided access to the large amount of water used in the refining process, and also made it possible for crude oil to be brought to the site in ocean tankers by sea.〔 Proximity to Southampton was also a factor, as at the outset much of the plant's output was used to supply liners using Southampton Docks. ''Atlantic, Gulf and West Indies'' were bought out by ''British-Mexican Petroleum'' in 1923, and they, in turn, were taken over by the ''Anglo-American Oil Company'' in 1926, which was the British affiliate of Esso.〔 In 1939 capacity was around 600,000 tonnes of crude oil per annum (approximately 12,000 barrels per day) which met just 6.7% of UK demand.〔 Refining ceased during World War II, when most refined oil for the UK was imported, and Fawley was used as a storage depot.〔
In 1949 Esso embarked on the construction of a new refinery,〔(Interactive Guide to UK Refineries: Fawley (Esso) ), energyinst.org.uk, 3 May 2010〕 and a further 1200 hectares of land were acquired.〔 The first stage of this expansion, which came on-stream in 1951, consisted of primary distillation units, a catalytic cracker and numerous treating units.〔 The refinery was opened by British prime minister Clement Attlee on 14 September 1951.〔(BBC ON THIS DAY | 14 | 1951: Refinery opens as oil row continues ), BBC, retrieved 8 October 2014〕 It had an initial estimated capacity of 157,000 barrels per day, or around one third of UK demand at that time.〔 The chemical plant was created in 1958.〔 Additional refining capacity was added, and Fawley's capacity reached around 19,500,000 tonnes of crude oil per annum in 1973 (approximately 400,000 barrels per day),〔''Oil and gas international year book'', (1974), page 276〕 and has since decreased, partly because of reduced demand for oil.〔
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